THE TECHNICAL AND TYPOLOGICAL ORIGINALITY OF SOME METAL PRODUCTS OF SOUTHERN FERGANA IN THE EARLY IRON AGE
Abstract
The article examines earth-cultivating tools (celt-spades) and a mechanical drill found in South
Kyrgyzstan. The objects date back to the the second half, possibly even to the end of the 3rd – 1st
centuries of the 2nd millennium BC of celt-spades of the Eneolithic period is small: only 2 copies. Of
these, one spade was discovered in the Shagym burial ground of the ancient Eastern type, the second,
a random find, was found in the village Bazar-Kurgan. Later, the distribution area of the spade celts
expanded and covered Western China (Xinjiang), Northern Uzbekistan, Northern Kyrgyzstan, and
South-Eastern Kazakhstan. In the southern cultural-historical regions – in the cultures of the Ancient
East – such tools are absent. In the early Iron Age, local farmers cultivated the land using a hoe.
A mechanical drill from the Shagym burial ground is the only find in Central Asia. Its discovery
expands the range of tools used by craftsmen in the early Iron Age and makes it possible to recreate
the process of making handles for knives and awls, which made the tools effective, convenient and
safe to use. We believe that the drill was also used in the manufacture of arrow shafts and spear
handles. Craftsmen obviously used wood as a raw material in the production of handles in areas with
rich vegetation, however in areas with poor vegetation, in addition to wood imported from other
territories, they used tubular animal bones.
Keywords:
About the Authors
List of references
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА:
Аванесова Н. А. К проблеме относительной хронологии и периодизации сапаллинской культуры // АУ. № 1. Самарканд, 2010. С. 110–143.
Аманбаева Б. Э., Рогожинский А. Е., Мэрфи Д. М. Могильник Шагым – новый памятник эпохи бронзы Восточной Ферганы // АИ в Узбекистане в 2005 г. Тошкент, 2006. С. 256–265.
Аскаров А. А. Древнеземледельческая культура эпохи бронзы юга Узбекистана / Под ред. В.М. Массона. Ташкент: Наука, 1977. 232 с.
Дубова Н. А. Мастерская по производству сплавов на основе меди Северного Гонура // Тр. МАЭ. Том 2. М., 2008. С. 94–104.
Заднепровский Ю. А. Древние бронзы Синьцзяня (КНР) // Древности. Ред. В.М. Массон. М., 1992. С. 115–127.
Итина М. А. История степных племен Южного Приаралья (II – начало I тыс. до н.э.) // Ред. С.П. Толстов. ТХАЭЭ. Том X. М.: Наука, 1977. 238 с.
Кузьмина Е.Е. Металлические изделия энеолита и бронзового века в Средней Азии// САИ. Вып. В4-9. М., 1966. 151 с.
Литвинский Б. А., Окладников А. П., Ранов В. А. Древности Кайрак-Кумов (Древнейшая история Северного Таджикистана). Душанбе: АН Тадж. ССР, 1962. 406 с.
Папахристу О. А. Литейные формы из мастерской столичного Гонура. (Предварительное сообще-ние) // Тр. МАЭ. Том 3. Санкт-Петербург, 2010. С. 198–217.
Рузанов В. Д. Металлообработка на юге Средней Азии в эпоху бронзы / Ред. А.А. Абдуразаков. Самарканд: Сугдион, 2013. 347 с.
Рузанов В. Д., Рогожинский А.Е. Результаты исследований металлических изделий могильника Шагым // А Уз. № 1 (16). Самарканд, 2018. С. 3–10.
Сарианиди В. И. Древние земледельцы Афганистана. М. Наука, 1977. 170 с.
Сарианиди В. И., Дубова Н. А. Археологические работы на юго-западном холме Гонур депе // Тр. МАЭ. Т. 2. М., 2008. С. 28–83.
Тереножкин А. И. Согд и Чач. (Автореферат дисс. канд. ист. наук) // КСИИМК. Вып. 33. М., 1950. С. 152–169.
Хлопин И. Н. Эпоха бронзы Юго-Западного Туркменистана. Санкт-Петербург, 2002. 200 с.
Черных Е. Н., Кузьминых С. В. Древняя металлургия Северной Евразии (Сейминско-турбинский феномен). М.: Наука, 1989. 320 с.
Casal J. M. Touilles de Mundigak // Paris : MDAFA, 1961. V. I, II.
Wen W. Excavations of the Ancient Cemeteries in Keermugi // Xinjiang: Vighur Autonomous Region. № 1. 1981.
Sarianidi, V. Necropolis of Gonur. Athens, Kapon Editions Publ., 2007, 337.
REFERENCES:
Avanesova, N. A. 2010. K probleme otnositel’noj khronologii i periodizacii sapallinskoj kul’tury (On the problem of relative chronology and periodization of the Sapallin culture). In Arkheologija Uzbekistana
(Archeology of Uzbekistan). Issue 1. Samarkand, 110–143. (In Russian).
Amanbaeva, B. Eh., Rogozhinskij, A. E., Mehrfi, D. M. 2006. Mogil’nik Shagym – novyj pamjatnik ehpokhi bronzy Vostochnoj Fergany (Shagym burial ground – a new monument of the Bronze Age of Eastern
Fergana). In Arkheologicheskie issledovanija v Uzbekistane v 2005g. (Archaeological research in Uzbekistan of 2005 g). Toshkent, 256–265. (In Russian).
Askarov, A. A. 1977. Drevnezemledel’cheskaja kul’tura ehpokhi bronzy juga Uzbekistana (Ancient agricultural culture of the Bronze Age of the south of Uzbekistan). Tashkent, 232. (In Russian).
Dubova, N. A. 2008. Masterskaja po proizvodstvu splavov na osnove medi Severnogo Gonura (Workshop for the production of copper-based alloys of Northern Gonur). In Trudy Margianskoj arkheologicheskoj ehkspedicii (Proceedings of the Margiana Archaeological Expedition). Vol. 2. Moscow. 94–104. (In Russian).
Zadneprovskij, Ju. A. 1992. Drevnie bronzy Sin’czjanja (KNR) (Ancient bronzes of Xinjiang (PRC). In Drevnosti (Antiquities). In V. M. Masson (red.). Moscow, 115–127. (In Russian).
Itina, M. A. 1977. Istorija stepnykh plemen Juzhnogo Priaral’ja (II – nachalo I tys. do n.eh.) (History of the steppe tribes of the Southern Aral region (II – early 1st millennium BC). In Trudy Khorezomskoj arkheologoehtnograficheskoj ehkspedicii (Proceedings of the Khorezom archaeological and ethnographic expedition). Vol. X. Moscow, 238. (In Russian).
Kuz’mina, E. E. 1966. Metallicheskie izdelija ehneolita i bronzovogo veka v Srednej Azii (Metal products of the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age in Central Asia). In Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov (Code of Archaeological Sources). Issue 4–9. Moscow, 151. (In Russian).
Litvinskij, B. A., Okladnikov, A. P., Ranov, V.A. 1962. Drevnosti Kajrak-Kumov (Drevnejshaja istorija Severnogo Tadzhikistana) (Antiquities of Kairak-Kum (Ancient history of Northern Tajikistan). Dushanbe: AN Tadzh. SSR Publ., 406. (In Russian).
Papakhristu, O. A. 2010. Litejnye formy iz masterskoj stolichnogo Gonura (Predvaritel’noe soobshhenie) (Casting molds from the workshop of the capital Gonur (Preliminary message). In Trudy Margianskoj arkheologicheskoj ehkspedicii (Proceedings of the Margiana Archaeological Expedition). Vol. 3. Moscow, Sankt-Peterburg, 198–217. (In Russian).
Ruzanov, V. D. 2013. Metalloobrabotka na juge Srednej Azii v ehpokhu bronzy (Metalworking in the south of Central Asia in the Bronze Age). Samarkand, 347. (In Russian).
Ruzanov, V. D., Rogozhinskij, A. E. 2018. Rezul’taty issledovanij metallicheskikh izdelij mogil’nika Shagym (Results of studies of metal products from the Shagym burial ground). In Arkheologija Uzbekistana (Archeology of Uzbekistan). № 1 (16). Samarkand. 3–10. (In Russian).
Sarianidi, V. I. 1977. Drevnie zemledel’cy Afganistana (Ancient farmers of Afghanistan). Moscow, 170. (In Russian).
Sarianidi, V. I., Dubova, N. A. 2008. Arkheologicheskie raboty na jugo-zapadnom kholme Gonur depe. (Archaeological work on the southwestern hill of Gonur Depe). In Trudy Margianskoj arkheologicheskoj ehkspedicii (Proceedings of the Margiana Archaeological Expedition). Vol 2. Moscow, 28–83. (In Russian).
Terenozhkin, A. I. 1950. Sogd i Chach (Sogd and Chach). Author’s abstract of the dissertation for candidate of historical sciences. (Avtoreferat diss. kand. ist. Nauk). In Kratkie soobshhenija instituta istorii material’noj kul’tury (Brief communications of the Institute of the History of Material Culture). Issue 33. Moscow, 152–169. (In Russian).
Khlopin, I. N. 2002. Ehpokha bronzy Jugo-Zapadnogo Turkmenistana. (The Bronze Age of Southwestern Turkmenistan). Sankt-Peterburg. 200 s. (In Russian).
Chernykh, E. N., Kuz’minykh, S. V. 1980. Drevnjaja metallurgija Severnoj Evrazii (Sejminsko-turbinskij fenomen). Moscow. 320 s. (In Russian).
Casal, J. M. Touilles de Mundigak (Mundigak Stirs). Paris : MDAFA, 1961. V. I, II.
Wen, W. Excavations of the Ancient Cemeteries in Keermugi. №1.1 Xinjiang: Vighur Autonomous Region Publ., 981.
Sarianidi, V. Necropolis of Gonur. Athens, Kapon Editions Publ., 2007, 337.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2025 O‘ZBEKISTON ARXEOLOGIYASI
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.